Mini-review: Nanoparticles for enhanced biogas upgrading.

This mini-review is intended to explore the innovative applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in biogas upgrading, emphasizing their capacity to enhance biogas quality. Numerous studies underscore how NPs, when applied during anaerobic digestion, can boost not only the quantity but also the quality of the produced biogas, leading to reduce significantly the concentration of hydrogen sulphide or even to remove it completely. Moreover, NPs are proving to be excellent alternatives as adsorbent materials, achieving up to 400 mg g NPs. In addition, new studies are exploring the application of NPs to increase the efficiency of biological treatments thanks to their unique features. This review also emphasizes the potential benefits and addresses the challenges that need to be overcome for these technologies to reach their full potential, ultimately contributing to the development of a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy landscape.