Competency in medical training: current concepts, assessment modalities, and practical challenges.

In the past two decades, competency-based medical education (CBME) has rapidly become the cornerstone of medical training and accreditation programmes worldwide. It has increasingly replaced traditional time-based educational approaches which were often rigid, fragmented, and overly emphasized clinical content knowledge over practical skillsets and attitudes. CBME adoption was in the hope of better preparing medical graduates for the demands and responsibilities of real-world clinical practice. For all the supposed merits of CBME, there hitherto remains difficulties in arriving at comprehensive and practical 'competency' definitions, and actual challenges with implementation of clinical competency assessment modalities pertaining to construct validity, reliability, and applicability with the use and interpretation of evaluation metrics. Therefore, in this article, we describe the various conceptualizations of 'competency' in medical education literature and attempt to refine its usage in practice to meet the evolving needs and expectations of healthcare stakeholders, as well as incorporate emerging concepts in the medical education discourse. We herein propose that clinical 'competencies' should be defined as multi-domain clinical expertise, comprising medical knowledge, skills, attitudes and metacognitive capabilities that reflects the prevailing needs of healthcare stakeholders, and is inferred from performance evaluations of medical trainees. In order to attain 'competence', there must then be a process of integrating multi-domain competencies into meaningful professional identity formation that is commensurate with the context and stage of medical training. In addition, we review the current competency assessment modalities, including common pitfalls with their usage, and sought to provide practical strategies to mitigate the identified challenges.