Whole genome sequencing and genotyping multi-drug resistant hospital isolates from Western Kenya.

Objectives: are a frequent cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. Sequence type 147 (ST147) has been reported as a major circulating high-risk lineage in many countries, and appears to be a formidable platform for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants. However, the distribution of this pathogen in Western African hospitals has been scarcely studied. The main objective of this work was to perform whole genome sequencing of isolates from a referral hospital in Kakamega (Kenya) for genotyping and identification of AMR and virulence determinants.

Methods: In total, 15 . isolates showing a broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance were selected for whole genome sequencing by Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform.

Results: ST147 was the dominant lineage among the highly-resistant isolates that we sequenced. ST147 was associated with both community- and the hospital-acquired infections, and with different infection sites, whereas other STs were predominantly uropathogens. Multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants were detected in the genomes including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases. Many of these genes were plasmid-borne.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that the evolutionary success of ST147 may be linked with the acquisition of broad host-range plasmids, and their propensity to accrue AMR and virulence determinants. Although ST147 is a dominant lineage in many countries worldwide, it has not been previously reported as prevalent in Africa. Our data suggest an influx of new nosocomial pathogens with new virulence genes into African hospitals from other continents.