Assessing the potential of nature-based solutions for restoring soil ecosystem services in croplands.

Nature-based solutions (NBSs) are emerging as an innovative approach to maintain or restore the declining soil ecosystem services. The extent to which the implementation of NBSs in croplands improves soil ecosystem services deserves, however, further discussion. This review discusses the potential of prairie strips, grass buffers, agroforestry, cover crops, and organic systems as NBSs in croplands for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sequestering soil C, improving water and air quality, improving biodiversity, and adapting to climatic fluctuations. It also highlights challenges (if any) with the adoption of the NBSs. Literature indicates incorporation of prairie strips, grass buffers, agroforestry, cover crop, and organic systems into croplands can accumulate soil C, reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses, improve soil biodiversity, and contribute to climate change adaptation in this order: Grass buffers = Prairie strips = Agroforestry > Cover crops > Organic systems. This suggests NBSs based on perennial vegetation offer more promise than those based on annual crops. Buffers and agroforestry (1.0 Mg C ha yr) accumulate more soil C than cover crops and organic systems (<0.5 Mg C ha yr), but soil C data under prairie strips are still scant. The practices discussed can be effective at balancing environmental quality and crop production. Some challenges and trade-offs of the practices discussed include variable or no soil impacts in the short term (<10 yr), variable and shallow soil C accumulation, no increase in crop yields, and limited management guidelines and policy support. Overall, NBSs can improve soil ecosystem services in croplands and contribute to climate change adaptation.