Dealing with Desirable Difficulties: Supporting Students to Accept, Reduce, or Silence Effort.

In this writing, I summarize the insights from my keynote lecture at the annual 2023 IAMSE Meeting in Cancún, Mexico, titled "Effort is the new smart. Supporting students in the self-regulated use of desirable difficulties." I explain how self-regulated learning is challenging for many students in higher education and even more so under learning conditions that create desirable difficulties: conditions that foster long-term learning and transfer of knowledge and skills, but that are generally more effortful to engage in. I describe how the intricate relation between perceived effort and perceived learning determines students' use of desirable difficulties. Finally, I outline promising interventional approaches academic teachers can employ to support students to seek out and engage in desirable difficulties.