Pesticide avermectin-induced hepatotoxicity and growth inhibition in carp: Ameliorative capacity and potential mechanisms of quercetin as a dietary additive.

Flavonoid quercetin (QUE) has biological activities of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis, however, its protective effects against avermectin (AVM) induced liver toxicity in carp remains unclear. The objective of this research is to explore the biologically potent effects of QUE in AVM-induced hepatotoxicity in carp and its underlying mechanism. Therefore, we established a liver injury model in carp induced by AVM to evaluate QUE against AVM induced liver toxicity in carp. In this investigation, AVM dosage was determined as 2.404 μg/L for both groups, and an experimentation of 30 days duration was carried out. Various methods including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, biochemical kits, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting, TUNEL, reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining, immunofluorescence (Hoseinifar, et al.,), and oil red O staining were used in this study. Results showed that the growth inhibition of carp was relieved in the QUE treatment group comparing to the AVM group. In the QUE treatment group, there was a significant decrease in the levels of ALT and AST in carp liver tissue. Additionally, the histopathological damage and lipid accumulation were alleviated compared to the AVM group. Moreover, QUE prevented AVM induced decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but reduced accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, the mRNA levels of liver pro-inflammatory factors of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (iL-1β), interleukin-6 (iL-6), interleukin-10 (iL-10) and the protein levels of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were significantly down-regulated in the QUE treatment group in comparison to the AVM group. We also found that QUE could affect the expression of Bcl2-associated x (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), cleaved-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (CCaspase3) key apoptotic proteins and TUNEL-labeled apoptotic hepatocytes by regulating SIRT1/FOXO3a signal pathway. In summary, QUE alleviated the growth inhibition, liver oxidative damage, lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and apoptosis of carp induced by AVM. QUE is a potential protective agent against liver injury induced by AVM in carp.