Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide in Two Phases for the Improvement of Broiler Chickens' Welfare during Stunning.

This study evaluated the exposure to gas mixtures of carbon dioxide (CO) associated with nitrogen (N) as alternatives to CO in two phases to improve the welfare of broiler chickens at slaughter. Broilers were exposed to one of three treatments: 40C90C (1st phase: <40% CO for 2 min; 2nd phase: >90% CO and <2% O for 2 min, 92), 40C60N (40% CO, 60% N, and <2% O for 4 min, 79), or 20C80N (20% CO, 80% N, and <2% O for 4 min, 72). Brain activity (EEG) was assessed to determine the onset of loss of consciousness (LOC) and death. Behavioural assessment allowed for characterisation of an aversive response to the treatments and confirmed loss of posture (LOP) and motionlessness as behavioural proxies of LOC and brain death in 40C60N and 20N80C. However, the lack of quality of the EEG traces obtained in 40C90C did not allow us to determine the onset of LOC and brain death for this treatment. The onset of LOC in 40C60N was found at 19 s [14-30 s] and in 20C80N at 21 s [16-37 s], whereas a LOP was seen at 53 s [26-156 s] in 40C90C. Birds showed brain death in 40C60N at 64 s [43-108 s] and in 20C80N at 70 s [45-88 s]), while they became motionless in 40C90C at 177 s [89-212 s]. The 40C90C birds not only experienced more events of aversive behaviours related to mucosal irritation, dyspnoea, and breathlessness during induction to unconsciousness but were at risk of remaining conscious when the CO concentration was increased in the 2nd phase (known to cause severe pain). From an animal welfare point of view, 40C60N proved to be the least aversive of the three treatments tested, followed by 20C80N and 40C90C.