Late endocrine diseases in survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer in California: a population-based study.

Background: Cancer survivors have increased risk of endocrine complications, but there is a lack of information on the occurrence of specific endocrinopathies at the population-level.

Methods: We used data from the California Cancer Registry (2006-2018) linked to statewide hospitalisation, emergency department, and ambulatory surgery databases. We estimated the cumulative incidence of and factors associated with endocrinopathies among adolescents and young adults (AYA, 15-39 years) who survived ≥2 years after diagnosis.

Results: Among 59,343 AYAs, 10-year cumulative incidence was highest for diabetes (4.7%), hypothyroidism (4.6%), other thyroid (2.2%) and parathyroid disorders (1.6%). Hypothyroidism was most common in Hodgkin lymphoma, leukaemia, breast, and cervical cancer survivors, while diabetes was highest among survivors of leukaemias, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer. In multivariable models, factors associated with increased hazard of endocrinopathies were treatment, advanced stage, public insurance, residence in low/middle socioeconomic neighbourhoods, older age, and non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic race/ethnicity. Haematopoietic cell transplant was associated with most endocrinopathies, while chemotherapy was associated with a higher hazard of ovarian dysfunction and hypothyroidism.

Conclusions: We observed a high burden of endocrinopathies among AYA cancer survivors, which varied by treatment and social factors. Evidence-based survivorship guidelines are needed for surveillance of these diseases.