Despite having favorable energetics and tunable optoelectronic properties, utilization of BaTiO (BTO) for photocatalytic reactions is limited by its absorption only in the ultraviolet region. To address this challenge, BTO is doped with iridium (Ir) to induce visible light absorption. The visible light-induced photocatalytic H generation efficiency is enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude on selective conversion of the Ir valence state from Ir to Ir. To understand such intriguing behavior, valence state-dependent changes in the optoelectronic, structural, and surface properties and electronic band structure are comprehensively investigated. The effect of electron occupancy change between Ir (t e) and Ir (t e) and their energetic positions within the band gap is found to significantly influence H generation. Besides this, converting Ir to Ir enhanced the photocathodic current and lowered the onset potential. Results aid in designing photocatalysts to efficiently use low-energy photons for enhancing solar H production in these emerging BTO-based photocatalysts. Collectively, the observations made in this work highlight the promising application of Ir:BTO in z-scheme photocatalysis.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c16710 | DOI Listing |
J Neurosci
September 2024
School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
The presence of valence coding neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) that form distinct projections to other brain regions implies functional opposition between aversion and reward during learning. However, evidence for opponent interactions in fear learning is sparse and may only be apparent under certain conditions. Here we test this possibility by studying the roles of the BLA→central amygdala (CeA) and BLA→nucleus accumbens (Acb) pathways in fear learning in male rats.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Rev Neurosci
July 2024
Department of Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
The olfactory system is an ideal and tractable system for exploring how the brain transforms sensory inputs into behaviour. The basic tasks of any olfactory system include odour detection, discrimination and categorization. The challenge for the olfactory system is to transform the high-dimensional space of olfactory stimuli into the much smaller space of perceived objects and valence that endows odours with meaning.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Appl Mater Interfaces
February 2024
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
Neuron
April 2024
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13092 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address:
Animals constantly need to judge the valence of an object in their environment: is it potential food or a threat? The brain makes fundamental decisions on the appropriate behavioral strategy by integrating external information from sensory organs and internal signals related to physiological needs. For example, a hungry animal may take more risks than a satiated one when deciding to approach or avoid an object. Using a proteomic profiling approach, we identified the Calmodulin-interacting peptide Pcp4a as a key regulator of foraging-related decisions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCognition
March 2024
Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
In many decision problems, outcomes are not reached after a single action but rather after a series of events or states. To optimize decisions over multiple states, representations of how good or bad the outcomes are, that is, the outcomes' valence, should spread across states. One mechanism for valence spreading is a temporal, state-independent process in which a single valence representation is updated when an outcome is experienced and fades away afterwards.
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