Emergency response to ecological protection in maritime phenol spills: Emergency monitor, ecological risk assessment, and reduction.

Recently, hundreds of maritime accidental spills of hazardous chemicals have raised public concerns, especially for phenol due to its potential of spills and highly toxicity. Therefore, for marine ecological protection, this article prepared specific strategies of emergency response to phenol spills. Through the identification for phenol behavior at sea, migration prediction, emergency monitor, as well as their new methods were reviewed. Further, ecological risk assessment and seawater quality criteria were conducted by using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach, wherein, risk quotient (RQ) indicated phenol of simulated marine spills posed a high risk (RQ > 1) in 30 days. The method with eco-friendliness and high-efficiency for phenol reduction was constructed by combination of dredging equipment such as pneumatic dredgers (Airlift) and bioremediation, where marine microorganisms that degraded phenol were summarized, as well as future research needs. This study provided a guidance for emergency response and policy development of phenol spills.