Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Torrefied .

The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of torrefying temperature (220, 260, and 300 °C) on the physicochemical properties, kinetics, thermodynamic parameters, and reaction processes of (AP) during the pyrolysis process. The kinetics of raw materials and torrefied biomass were studied by using three kinetic models, and the main function graph approach was employed to find the reaction mechanism. The torrefied biomass produced at temperatures of 220 °C (AP-220), 260 °C (AP-260), and 300 °C (AP-300) was thermogravimetrically analyzed at four different heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min). In comparison to the raw material, the average activation energy of torrefied biomass declined with increasing temperature, from 174.13 to 84.67 kJ/mol (FWO), 172.52 to 81.24 kJ/mol (KAS and DAEM). The volatile contents of AP and AP-220 are higher than those of AP-260 and AP-300, indicating that the random nucleation model occupies the central position. Compared with the raw biomass, the average Gibbs free energy (Δ) of torrefied biomass increased from 157.97 to 195.38 kJ/mol. The mean enthalpy change (Δ) during the torrefaction process is positive, while the mean entropy change (Δ) of the torrefaction of biomass is negative, decreasing from 16.93 to -151.53 kJ/mol (FWO) and from 14.36 to -156.06 kJ/mol (KAS and DAEM). Overall, the findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the kinetics and improved features of torrefied biomass as a high-quality solid fuel.