Molecular diversity of Protura in southern High Appalachian leaf litter.

The higher elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains, U.S.A., host a rich, but little-studied fauna of Proturan hexapods. Here, we publish 117 Proturan barcode sequences from this region, estimated by automated species delimitation methods to represent 72 distinct species, whereas only nine species have previously been reported from the region. Two families, Eosentomidae and Acerentomidae, co-occur at most sampling sites, with as many as five species occurring in sympatry. Most populations exhibit very low haplotype diversity, but divergences amongst populations and amongst closely-related species are very high, a finding common to other phylogeographic studies of Proturans. Though we were unable to identify any of the barcodes to species, they form a useful, if preliminary, glimpse of southern Appalachian Proturan diversity.