approaches to assessing multiple high-level drug-drug and drug-disease adverse drug effects.

Introduction: Pharmacovigilance plays a pivotal role in monitoring adverse events (AEs) related to chemical substances in human/animal populations. With increasing spontaneous-reporting systems, researchers turned to approaches to efficiently analyze drug safety profiles. Here, we review methods employed for assessing multiple drug-drug/drug-disease AEs covered by comparative analyses and visualization strategies.

Areas Covered: Disproportionality, involving multi-stage statistical methodologies and data processing, identifies safety signals among drug-AE pairs. By stratifying data based on disease indications/demographics, researchers address confounders and assess drug safety. Comparative analyses, including clustering techniques and visualization techniques, assess drug similarities, patterns, and trends, calculate correlations, and identify distinct toxicities. Furthermore, we conducted a thorough Scopus search on 'pharmacovigilance,' yielding 5,836 publications spanning 2003 to 2023.

Expert Opinion: Pharmacovigilance relies on diverse data sources, presenting challenges in the integration of approaches and requiring compliance with regulations and AI adoption. Systematic use of statistical analyses enables identifications of potential risks with drugs. Frequentist and Bayesian methods are used in disproportionalities, each with its strengths and weaknesses. Integration of pharmacogenomics with pharmacovigilance enables personalized medicine, with AI further enhancing patient engagement. This multidisciplinary approach holds promise, improving drug efficacy and safety, and should be a core mission of One-Health studies.