AI Article Synopsis
- Silver, particularly as nanoparticles (Ag NM300K) and salts (AgNO), is common in the environment, but its long-term effects on soil organisms across generations are not well-studied.
- This study examined the multigenerational impacts of these silver forms on soil invertebrates, revealing that exposure led to a noticeable reduction in reproduction rates and changes in the internal concentration of silver over seven generations.
- The findings suggest that organisms can initially accumulate silver but eventually activate detoxification mechanisms, resulting in reduced levels of silver and reproductive success as they are transferred to clean soil.
Article Abstract
Because of its properties, silver is among the most used metals both as salt and as nanomaterials (NMs), hence reaching the environment. Multigenerational (MG) exposure testing is scarce, and especially so for NMs and soil invertebrates. In this study the MG effects of Ag NMs (Ag NM300K) and Ag salt (AgNO) were assessed, using in LUFA 2.2 soil. Survival, reproduction and internal Ag concentration in the animals were measured throughout 7 generations (5 generations (F0-F4) in spiked soil plus 2 (F5-F6) in clean soil) exposed to sublethal concentrations corresponding to the reproduction EC and EC obtained in standard toxicity tests (45 and 60 mg Ag per kg soil DW for AgNO; 20 and 60 mg Ag per kg soil DW for Ag NM300K). MG exposure caused a dose-related decrease in reproduction for both Ag forms. Ag uptake peaked in the F1 (64 days) for AgNO and F2 (96 days) for Ag NM300K, after which it decreased. In agreement with toxicokinetic studies, a maximum body Ag concentration was reached (20 mg Ag per kg body DW (AgNO) and 70 mg Ag per kg body DW (Ag NM300K)) and after which detoxification mechanisms seem to be activated with elimination of Ag accompanied by a decrease in reproduction. Transfer to clean soil allowed Ag to be (fully) eliminated from the animals. This MG study confirmed the effects determined in standard reproduction toxicity tests but further allowed to monitor the dynamics between exposure and effects of the Ag materials, and how the animals seem to cope with Ag for 7 generations by compensating between detoxification and reproductive output.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10825909 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3na00487b | DOI Listing |
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