Type I BREX system defends against antibiotic-resistant plasmids in .

The Bacteriophage Exclusion (BREX) system is a novel antiphage defense system identified in in 2015. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of the BREX system defenses against antibiotic-resistant plasmids such as and invasion in . The BREX system was present in 5.4% (23/424) of clinical isolates and 6.5% (84/1283) of strains with completely sequenced genomes in the GenBank database. All 23 BREX-positive clinical isolates were susceptible to carbapenems, while all five isolates carrying and 11 carrying were BREX-negative. For strains in the GenBank database, 37 of 38 strains carrying and 109 of 111 strains carrying were BREX negative. The recognition site sequence of methyltransferase PglX in a clinical 3756 was 5'-CANCTC-3' using PacBio single-molecular real-time sequencing. The transformation efficiency of plasmid psgRNA-ColAori-target with the PglX recognition site was reduced by 100% compared with the plasmid without the recognition site in DH5α-pHSG398-BREX. The BREX showed lower defense efficacy against plasmid psgRNA-15Aori-target which had the same plasmid backbone but different surrounding sequences of recognition sites with psgRNA-ColAori-target. The conjugation frequency of the KPC-2 plasmid and NDM-5 plasmid in 3756-ΔBREX was higher than that in 3756 clinical isolate (1.0 × 10 vs 1.3 × 10 and 5.5 × 10 vs 1.7 × 10, respectively). This study demonstrated that the type I BREX system defends against antibiotic-resistant plasmids in .