"Digital twins elucidate critical role of T in clinical persistence of TCR-engineered cell therapy".

Despite recent progress in adoptive T cell therapy for cancer, understanding and predicting the kinetics of infused T cells remains a challenge. Multiple factors can impact the distribution, expansion, and decay or persistence of infused T cells in patients. We have developed a novel quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model of TCR-transgenic T cell therapy in patients with solid tumors to describe the kinetics of endogenous T cells and multiple memory subsets of engineered T cells after infusion. These T cells undergo lymphodepletion, proliferation, trafficking, differentiation, and apoptosis in blood, lymph nodes, tumor site, and other peripheral tissues. Using the model, we generated patient-matched digital twins that recapitulate the circulating T cell kinetics reported from a clinical trial of TCR-engineered T cells targeting E7 in patients with metastatic HPV-associated epithelial cancers. Analyses of key parameters influencing cell kinetics and differences among digital twins identify stem cell-like memory T cells (T) cells as an important determinant of both expansion and persistence and suggest that T-related differences contribute significantly to the observed variability in cellular kinetics among patients. We simulated in silico clinical trials using digital twins and predict that T enrichment in the infused product improves persistence of the engineered T cells and could enable administration of a lower dose. Finally, we verified the broader relevance of the QSP model, the digital twins, and findings on the importance of T enrichment by predicting kinetics for two patients with pancreatic cancer treated with KRAS G12D targeting T cell therapy. This work offers insight into the key role of T biology on T cell kinetics and provides a quantitative framework to evaluate cellular kinetics for future efforts in the development and clinical application of TCR-engineered T cell therapies.