Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether smoking is an independent risk factor for central sensitization syndrome (CSS) in individuals with pain as measured by the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI).
Methods: In 2020, we conducted an Internet survey targeting 2000 ordinary residents of Japan (aged 20-69 years) who had pain symptoms from October to November 2020. A multiple regression analysis was performed on the association between smoking status (nonsmokers and current smokers; Brinkman index) and CSI values. Moreover, compared to nonsmokers, the relative risk (RR) of the CSI cut-off score of 40 points or higher among current smokers was calculated using a modified Poisson regression model. Covariates included age, sex, body mass index, marital status, equivalized income, exercise habits, history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidemia, history of diabetes, pain chronicity, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale score.
Results: This study analyzed 1,822 individuals (1,041 men and 781 women). Among those experiencing pain, current smoking was associated with the increase in CSI values (β = 0.07). The Brinkman index was also significantly associated with the increase in CSI values (β = 0.06). Current smoking also increased the risk of being over the CSI cut-off score, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.29 (95% confidence intervals, 1.04-1.60). Younger age, being women, experiencing chronic pain, and higher pain catastrophizing thinking were also significantly associated with increased CSS severity, independent of smoking status.
Conclusion: Smoking is an independent risk factor for CSS. This indicates that smoking may be an important factor in the management of central pain disorders.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10954963 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00540-023-03302-4 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Understanding the Physiopathology of Pain Pathways for a Practical Approach of Cancer Pain Management.
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol
January 2025
Clinique de la Douleur., Hôpital de La Tour, Geneva, Suisse.
Pain associated with cancer is often the first symptom reported with major repercussions on patient's quality of life. Mechanical compression, release of algogenic substances by the tumor or the complications of oncologic treatment represent the major causes. Nociceptive and neuropathic pain are both induced by different mediators that give rise to a neuroinflammation creating a peripheral and central sensitization responsible of chronic pain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe role of interoceptive sensibility on central sensitization to pain in vulvodynia.
J Sex Med
January 2025
Italian Association for Applied Sexology and Psychology, 20124 Milan, Italy.
Background: Interoception may be linked to central sensitization in chronic pain.
Aim: We aimed to provide evidence about the role of interoceptive sensibility on central sensitization in vulvodynia.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a sample of females who received a diagnosis of vulvodynia filled out validated questionnaires relative to the individual level of interoceptive sensibility and the symptoms of central sensitization.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Biofeedback.
Curr Pain Headache Rep
January 2025
Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Purpose Of Review: This review aims to understand the foundations of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and biofeedback, their indications for therapy, and evidence-based support.
Recent Findings: Both CBT and biofeedback are noninvasive therapy options for patients who are suffering from a variety of chronic pain conditions, including chronic low back pain, headache, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular disorder (TMD). CBT has been shown to be effective in treating multiple chronic pain conditions.
A Multimodal Approach to Symptomatic Endometriosis: A Proposed Algorithm for Clinical Management.
Reprod Sci
January 2025
Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Recent research has proven that peripheral (PS) and central sensitization (CS), mental health, and myofascial dysfunction all play a role, alongside nociception, in the genesis and in the perpetuation of endometriosis' symptoms. However, such components of pain are still largely ignored in clinical practice, although not considering such contributors may entail serious consequences on women's health, including the choice of unnecessary surgery and leaving the real causes of pain untreated. At the present time, we are facing a paradox by which 25-40% of women who undergo laparoscopic surgery for pelvic pain do not have an obvious diagnosis, while the percentage of women with endometriosis who have signs of CS, of depressive or anxiety disorders, or who have an increased pelvic muscle tone ammounts to 41-55%, 15-88% and 28-73%, respectively.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChallenges and motivating factors for integrating geostatistical models in targeted schistosomiasis control: A qualitative case study in Northwestern Tanzania.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis
December 2024
KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Epidemiology, Center for Applied Spatial Epidemiology (CASE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Introduction: To address problems of over- and under-treatment with preventive chemotherapy resulting in ongoing transmission of schistosomiasis, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends targeted mass drug administration (MDA) interventions at a sub-district level. In Tanzania, the lack of sub-district (ward) prevalence data has inhibited a transition to targeted treatment. Model-based prevalence estimation combined with routine surveillance data can be used to overcome this gap.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!