contamination of infant foods and implications for exposure to foodborne pathogens in peri-urban neighbourhoods of Kisumu, Kenya.

We collected infant food samples from 714 households in Kisumu, Kenya, and estimated the prevalence and concentration of , an indicator of food hygiene conditions. In a subset of 212 households, we quantified the change in concentration in stored food between a morning and afternoon feeding time. In addition, household socioeconomic characteristics and hygiene practices of the caregivers were documented. The prevalence of in infant foods was 50% (95% confidence interval: 46.1 - 53.4), and the mean log colony-forming units (CFUs) was 1.1 (SD 1.4). No risk factors were significantly associated with the prevalence and concentration of in infant foods. The mean log CFU of concentration was 0.47 in the morning and 0.73 in the afternoon foods with a 0.64 log mean increase in matched samples during storage. Although no factors were statistically associated with the prevalence and the concentration of in infant foods, household flooring type was significantly associated with an increase in concentration during storage, with finished floors leading to 1.5 times higher odds of concentration increase compared to unfinished floors. Our study revealed high prevalence but low concentration of in infant food in low-income Kisumu households, although concentrations increased during storage implying potential increases in risk of exposure to foodborne pathogens over a day. Further studies aiming at investigating contamination of infant foods with pathogenic organisms and identifying effective mitigation measures are required to ensure infant food safety.