Coinfection of and in the Tick -A Neglected Public Health Issue in Europe?

nymphs and adults removed from humans, and larvae and nymphs from birds, have been analysed for infection with species and species previously in separately published studies. Here, we use the same data set to explore the coinfection pattern of and species in the ticks. We also provide an overview of the ecology and potential public health importance in Sweden of infected both with zoonotic and species. Among 1952 nymphs and adult ticks removed from humans, 3.1% were PCR-positive for spp. Of these -positive ticks, 43% were simultaneously -positive. Among 1046 immatures of removed from birds, 2.5% were -positive, of which 38% were coinfected with species. This study shows that in infesting humans or birds in Sweden, potentially zoonotic protozoa sometimes co-occur with human-pathogenic spp. Diagnostic tests for spp. infection are rarely performed in Europe, and the medical significance of this pathogen in Europe could be underestimated.