Frameworks, guidelines, and tools to develop a learning health system for Indigenous health: An environmental scan for Canada.

Introduction: First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FNIM) peoples experience systemic health disparities within Ontario's healthcare system. Learning health systems (LHS) is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary area with the potential to address these inequitable health outcomes through a comprehensive health system that draws on science, informatics, incentives, and culture for ongoing innovation and improvement. However, global literature is in its infancy with grounding theories and principles still emerging. In addition, there is inadequate information on LHS within Ontario's health care context.

Methods: We conducted an environmental scan between January and April 2021 and again in June 2022 to identify existing frameworks, guidelines, and tools for designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating an LHS.

Results: We found 37 relevant sources. This paper maps the literature and identifies gaps in knowledge based on five key pillars: (a) data and evidence-driven, (b) patient-centeredness, (c) system-supported, (d) cultural competencies enabled, and (e) the learning health system.

Conclusion: We provide recommendations for implementation accordingly. The literature on LHS provides a starting point to address the health disparities of FNIM peoples within the healthcare system but Indigenous community partnerships in LHS development and operation will be key to success.