Objective: Salvage laryngectomy is more predisposed to complications than primary operations, with pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) being among the most challenging to manage. Vascularized flaps are increasingly employed during salvage laryngectomy, with a previous review finding a PCF incidence of 31.2% and 22.2% after primary and flap-assisted closure respectively. We aim to better define the role of vascularized flaps after salvage laryngectomy by performing an updated review comparing the rate of PCF in those undergoing primary or vascularized flap-assisted closure.
Data Sources: Pubmed/Medline, CINAHL, and CENTRAL.
Review Methods: An updated literature review was conducted of English language literature from 2003 to 2023. A random effects and network meta-analysis of odds ratios (OR) and pooled proportions were conducted.
Results: Literature search found 31 studies, including seven from the previous review. Overall random effects pooled PCF rate was 25% (95% CI 0.21; 0.30, I = 72%, p = <0.01), whereas incidence in primary closure was 37% (95% CI 0.32; 0.43, I = 60%, p = <0.01) and 19% (95% CI 0.12; 0.20, I = 47%, p = <0.01) after flap closure. Pooled OR was 0.39 (95% CI 0.28; 0.55, I = 36%, p = 0.04) in favor of vascularized tissues. The number needed to treat was 6.5. The rate of PCF was lower after free and pedicled flaps, and on-lay and patch closure compared to primary closure techniques. Network meta-analysis found all combinations of closure techniques and vascularized tissue were superior to primary closure.
Conclusion: The updated analysis has demonstrated a widening in the rates of PCF between primary and vascularized flap-assisted closure. Surgeons should strongly consider the use of free or pedicled flaps in any salvage laryngectomy procedure. Laryngoscope, 134:2991-3002, 2024.
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