Birth order and children's health and learning outcomes in India.

India has a high prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age, despite marginal improvement over the years. In 2019-21, 35.5 per cent of children below five years were stunted (National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 2019-21). This has been attributed to several factors including open defecation, poor maternal nutrition and food insecurity. This paper examines if the birth order of children is associated with variation in height among them, using nationally representative data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS 2005 & 2011). The objectives of this paper are to: (i) assess the association of a child's birth order with height (ii) test if the association of birth order with height changes with the degree of son preference (iii) analyse the relationship between birth order and educational outcomes of children. Our results suggest that (i) the height-for-age z score is negatively associated with the birth order of the child (ii) the negative association of birth order with height is stronger for mothers who have a moderate or high degree of son preference, especially when children have an older brother (iii) maternal characteristics such as education could mitigate the negative relationship between birth order and height when son preference is low but not when son preference is high (iv) birth order has a negative association with the reading, writing and mathematical ability of children, especially if the child was stunted in childhood. This indicates that the fertility behaviour of families has both a direct and an indirect impact, which could influence both long term nutrition and education of children.