Hybrid radical coupling during MnO-mediated transformation of a mixture of organic UV filters: Chemistry and toxicity assessment.

Manganese oxide (MnO) is one of the most abundant metal oxides, and it is renowned for its ability to degrade various phenolic micropollutants. However, under MnO-mediated transformation, BP-3 transforms into 12 different radical-coupled transformation products (TPs) out of 15 identified TPs. These radical-coupled TPs are reported with adverse environmental impacts. This study explored the effects of MnO on organic UV filter mixtures and different water constituents (i.e., bicarbonate ion (HCO), humic acid (HA) and halide ions) in terms of degradation efficiency and transformation chemistry. When a mixture of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and avobenzone (AVO) underwent transformation by MnO, hybrid radical-coupled TPs derived from both organic UV filters were generated. These hybrid radical-coupled TPs were evaluated by an in silico prediction tool and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay (VFBIA). Results showed that these TPs were potentially toxic to aquatic organisms, even more so than their parent compounds. The higher the concentration of HCO, HA, chloride ion (Cl) and bromide ion (Br), the greater the reduction in the efficiencies of degrading BP-3 and AVO. Contrastingly, in the presence of iodide ion (I), degradation efficiencies of BP-3 and AVO were enhanced; however, iodinated TPs and iodinated radical-coupled TPs were formed, with questionable toxicity. This study has revealed the environmental risks of hybrid radical-coupled TPs, iodinated TPs and iodinated radical-coupled TPs when the organic UV filters BP-3 and AVO are transformed by MnO.