Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Strategies for C(sp )-H Activation.

Activation of ubiquitous C(sp )-H bonds is extremely attractive but remains a great challenge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable approach for C(sp )-H activation and has been fast developing in the past decade. This Minireview focuses on mechanism and strategies for heterogeneous photocatalytic C(sp )-H activation. After introducing mechanistic insights, heterogeneous photocatalytic strategies for C(sp )-H activation including precise design of active sites, regulation of reactive radical species, improving charge separation and reactor innovations are discussed. In addition, recent advances in C(sp )-H activation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines and amides by heterogeneous photocatalysis are summarized. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are outlined to encourage more efforts for the development of this exciting and promising field.