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Emerging medications and pharmacological treatment approaches for substance use disorders.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav
December 2024
Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Addiction Research Center, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA; School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address:
Medications to treat substance use disorders remain suboptimal or, in the case of stimulants and cannabis, non-existent. Many factors have contributed to this paucity, including the biological complexity of addiction, regulatory challenges, and a historical lack of enthusiasm among pharmaceutical companies to commit resources to this disease space. Despite these headwinds, the recent opioid crisis has highlighted the devastating consequences of SUDs for both individuals and society, stimulating urgent efforts to identify novel treatment approaches.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe mechanism of different orexin/hypocretin neuronal projections in wakefulness and sleep.
Brain Res
December 2024
Geriatric Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China. Electronic address:
Since the discovery of orexin/hypocretin, numerous studies have accumulated evidence demonstrating its key role in various aspects of neuromodulation, including addiction, motivation, and arousal. This paper focuses on the projection of orexin neurons to specific target brain regions through distinct neural pathways to regulate sleep and arousal. We provide a detailed discussion of the projection mechanisms of orexin neurons to downstream neurons, particularly emphasizing their activation of monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons associated with arousal.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExploring the Literature on Narcolepsy: Insights into the Sleep Disorder That Strikes during the Day.
NeuroSci
December 2023
Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020027 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.M.); (A.B.); (A.J.).
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the regulation of a person's sleep-wake cycle, leading to significant challenges in daily functioning. It is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations. A literature search was conducted in different databases to identify relevant studies on various aspects of narcolepsy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdolescent social stress alters the role of orexin innervation in the hindbrain in male hamsters.
J Neuroendocrinol
January 2025
Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Article Synopsis
- - Juvenile male hamsters exposed to chronic social stress showed increased appetite, weight gain, and larger fat pads, indicating heightened obesity risk.
- - The study aimed to investigate changes in food hoarding behaviors and orexin/hypocretin signaling in these hamsters under social stress conditions.
- - Results confirmed previous findings on overeating and obesity, showing some correlation patterns between orexin innervation and appetite/metabolism, suggesting specific brain changes related to chronic social stress.
Activation of orexin-A (hypocretin-1) receptors in the Raphe Pallidus at different ambient temperatures in the rat: effects on thermoregulation, cardiovascular control, sleep, and feeding behavior.
Front Neurosci
October 2024
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
The Raphe Pallidus (RPa) is a brainstem nucleus containing sympathetic premotor neurons that control thermogenesis and modulate cardiovascular function. It receives inputs from various hypothalamic areas, including the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH), a heterogeneous region intricately involved in several autonomic and behavioral functions. A key subpopulation of neurons in the LH expresses orexin/hypocretin, a neuropeptide which is crucially involved in the regulation of the wake-sleep states and feeding behavior.
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