Age, growth, reproduction and mortality of (Günther,1868) in the lower reaches of the Tangwang River, China.

To investigate various population biological parameters of in the lower reaches of the Tangwang River (China), a comprehensive study was conducted for the first time. A total of 1,003 samples were collected from April to November 2022. The collected samples revealed that female had total lengths ranging from 12.4 cm to 25.7 cm (weighing 15.86 g to 159.55 g), and male had total lengths ranging from 10.8 cm to 23.9 cm (weighing 9.27 g to 121.06 g). The age of the samples was determined using otolith analysis, indicating that the ages ranged from 1 to 5 years old in both females and males. The length-weight relationships were further analyzed, uncovering the allometric growth index () was 3.1296 for females, indicating a positive allometric growth pattern. Differently, males exhibited a value of 3.0274, suggesting an isometric growth pattern. Furthermore, the von Bertalanffy growth formula provided insights into the growth characteristics of , revealing an asymptotic total length () of 36.096 cm and a growth coefficient () of 0.121. The analysis of the gonadal somatic index () and ovarian development period indicated that the spawning period occurred from April to July, with peak spawning in June. The study also explored fecundity-related traits, finding that individual absolute fecundity () ranged from 11,364 eggs to 56,377 eggs, while eviscerated body weight relative fecundity () ranged from 209 eggs/g to 823 eggs/g. The exploitation rate () for was calculated as 0.574, suggesting that the population of has been overexploited. By revealing previously unknown data on the key life history traits of , this study has provided valuable insights that are crucial for the development of conservation strategies and policies.