Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of pulmonary disorders characterized by variable degrees of inflammation, interstitial thickening, and fibrosis leading to distortion of the pulmonary architecture and gas exchange impairment. Among them, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) displays the worst prognosis. The only therapeutic options consist of the two antifibrotic drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, which limit fibrosis progression but do not reverse the lung damage. The shift of the pathogenetic paradigm from inflammatory disease to epithelium-derived disease has definitively established the primary role of type II alveolar cells, which lose their epithelial phenotype and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype with production of collagen and extracellular matrix (EMC) deposition. Some predisposing environmental and genetic factors (e.g., smoke, pollution, gastroesophageal reflux, variants of telomere and surfactant genes) leading to accelerated senescence set a pro-fibrogentic microenvironment and contribute to the loss of regenerative properties of type II epithelial cells in response to pathogenic noxae. This review provides a complete overview of the different pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the development of IPF. Then, we summarize the currently approved therapies and the main clinical trials ongoing. Finally, we explore the potentialities offered by agents not only interfering with the processes of fibrosis but also restoring the physiological properties of alveolar regeneration, with a particular focus on potentialities and concerns about cell therapies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), whose anti-inflammatory and immunomodulant properties have been exploited in other fibrotic diseases, such as graft versus host disease (GVHD) and COVID-19-related ARDS.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010547 | DOI Listing |
Cogn Neurodyn
December 2024
State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049 People's Republic of China.
This research scrutinizes the simultaneous evolution of each layer within a multilayered complex neural network and elucidates the effect of synaptic plasticity on inter-layer dynamics. In the absence of synaptic plasticity, a predominant feedforward effect is observed, resulting in the manifestation of complete synchrony in deep networks, with each layer assuming a chimera state. A significant increase in the number of synchronized neurons is observed as the layers augment, culminating in complete synchronization in the deeper sections.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Surg
December 2024
Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Mol Cell Biochem
December 2024
Department of Surgery I-Clinic of Surgical Semiotics & Thoracic Surgery, Center for Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No.2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.
Obesity, diabetes, and their cardiovascular and hepatic comorbidities are alarming public health issues of the twenty-first century, which share mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation as common pathophysiological mechanisms. An increasing body of evidence links the combined exposure to multiple environmental toxicants with the occurrence and severity of metabolic diseases. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are ubiquitous chemicals or mixtures with persistent deleterious effects on the living organisms beyond the endocrine system impairment; in particular, those known as metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs), increase the risk of the metabolic pathologies in adult organism or its progeny.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAesthet Surg J
December 2024
Department of Oromaxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
Background: Understanding the interplay of muscle activity in the upper face is crucial as it can significantly impact the effectiveness and safety of aesthetic treatments. Traditional injection algorithms typically focus on the general 2D and 3D anatomy of muscles, often neglecting the areas where muscles exert the greatest force during facial expressions.
Objectives: To analyze the location of greatest morphological change in upper facial muscles procerus muscle (PM), corrugator supercilia muscle (CSM), orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) and frontalis muscle (FM) during various facial expressions.
Nano Lett
December 2024
NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States.
Tin (Sn)-based two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit intriguing mechanical and optoelectrical properties owing to their non-centrosymmetric crystallinity and tunable band structures. A judicious integration of these individually decoupled properties is projected to introduce unparalleled functionalities into them, which remain largely unexplored. Herein, we develop wafer-scale tin selenide (SnSe, 0 < < 1) 2D layers composed of thermodynamically stable coexisting phases of SnSe and SnSe with distinct functionalities and identify a strong interplay between their mechanical and optoelectrical characteristics.
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