Ewing's sarcoma of the urinary bladder - the urologic and pathologic differential diagnosis and current therapeutic options.

Background: Bladder cancer is 11th most common cancer worldwide. Histologically, most of the tumors are classified as urothelial carcinomas. Less common variants (squamous cell or adenocarcinomas) usually comprise up to 10% of cases. Other types of tumors are exceptional. The finding of Ewing's sarcoma in the bladder is considered extremely rare.

Case: We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient examined for painless hematuria. During the follow-up examination, a bulky tumor of the bladder was detected, but considering the extent of the bladder tumor, only a diagnostic transurethral resection was possible. According to the primary staging, the disease was already advanced at the time of admission with metastatic spread, anemia and present obstruction of the upper urinary tract.

Results: Histologically, Ewing's sarcoma was surprisingly demonstrated in the urinary bladder. Anemia caused by hematuria and advanced disease was corrected by blood transfusions and obstruction of the right kidney by puncture nephrostomy. However, despite a very quick diagnosis, completion of staging and preparation of the patient for further treatment, the patient had died before the planned systemic treatment began.

Conclusion: The diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma is identical to that of the other bladder tumors, i.e. transurethral resection. In the case of confirmation of this histological type, it is necessary to complete staging examinations and start multimodal treatment. Early systemic chemotherapy plays a key role and if metastatic spread is excluded, radical cystectomy or radiotherapy are included, too. The aim of our communication is to present a rare case of this disease, discuss the differential diagnosis and point out the principles and possibilities of its treatment.