Is hardware colonization associated with latent hardware complications and removal in maxillomandibular free flap reconstruction?

Background: The relationship between hardware colonization, latent hardware complications, and hardware removal remains unclear following osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction of the jaws.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing free flap reconstruction of the maxilla or mandible from 2016 to 2021.

Results: A total of 240 subjects were included. Hardware colonization was associated with latent hardware complication in bivariate (p ≤ 0.001) and multivariate analysis (p ≤ 0.001). Time to latent hardware complication was 6.87 months earlier in colonized subjects (p ≤ 0.001). Of the 35 subjects undergoing hardware removal, 25 initiated but failed conservative therapy, and resolution of symptoms was achieved in 24 subjects after one operative intervention and 33 subjects after repeat intervention if indicated.

Conclusions: Hardware colonization increases the risk and onset of latent hardware complication. Prompt hardware removal may improve outcomes by leading to faster resolution of symptoms without the burden and cost of conservative therapies.