Extreme restructuring of -regulatory regions controlling a deeply conserved plant stem cell regulator.

Unlabelled: A striking paradox is that genes with conserved protein sequence, function and expression pattern over deep time often exhibit extremely divergent -regulatory sequences. It remains unclear how such drastic -regulatory evolution across species allows preservation of gene function, and to what extent these differences influence how regulatory variation arising within species impacts phenotypic change. Here, we investigated these questions using a plant stem cell regulator conserved in expression pattern and function over ∼125 million years. Using genome editing in two distantly related models, (Arabidopsis) and (tomato), we generated over 70 deletion alleles in the upstream and downstream regions of the stem cell repressor gene ( ) and compared their individual and combined effects on a shared phenotype, the number of carpels that make fruits. We found that sequences upstream of tomato are highly sensitive to even small perturbations compared to its downstream region. In contrast, Arabidopsis function is tolerant to severe disruptions both upstream and downstream of the coding sequence. Combining upstream and downstream deletions also revealed a different regulatory outcome. Whereas phenotypic enhancement from adding downstream mutations was predominantly weak and additive in tomato, mutating both regions of Arabidopsis caused substantial and synergistic effects, demonstrating distinct distribution and redundancy of functional -regulatory sequences. Our results demonstrate remarkable malleability in -regulatory structural organization of a deeply conserved plant stem cell regulator and suggest that major reconfiguration of -regulatory sequence space is a common yet cryptic evolutionary force altering genotype-to-phenotype relationships from regulatory variation in conserved genes. Finally, our findings underscore the need for lineage-specific dissection of the spatial architecture of -regulation to effectively engineer trait variation from conserved productivity genes in crops.

Author Summary: We investigated the evolution of -regulatory elements (CREs) and their interactions in the regulation of a plant stem cell regulator gene, , in Arabidopsis and tomato. Despite diverging ∼125 million years ago, the function and expression of is conserved in these species; however, -regulatory sequences upstream and downstream have drastically diverged, preventing identification of conserved non-coding sequences between them. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer dozens of mutations within the -regulatory regions of Arabidopsis and tomato In tomato, our results show that tomato function primarily relies on interactions among CREs in the 5' non-coding region, unlike Arabidopsis , which depends on a more balanced distribution of functional CREs between the 5' and 3' regions. Therefore, despite a high degree of functional conservation, our study demonstrates divergent regulatory strategies between two distantly related orthologs, with substantial alterations in regulatory sequences, their spatial arrangement, and their relative effects on regulation. These results suggest that regulatory regions are not only extremely robust to mutagenesis, but also that the sequences underlying this robustness can be lineage-specific for conserved genes, due to the complex and often redundant interactions among CREs that ensure proper gene function amidst large-scale sequence turnover.