Calcium ions (Ca) and magnesium ions (Mg) are pivotal in the community composition and stability of harmful cyanobacteria, yet the physiological and molecular responses remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore these responses in the high microcystin producer Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). Results indicate that the growth of M. aeruginosa is inhibited by Ca/Mg exposure (0.5-10 mM), while Fv/Fm photosynthetic parameters and extracellular microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) concentrations increase. Additionally, MC-LR release is significantly elevated under exposure to Ca/Mg, posing potential aquatic environmental risks. Transcriptomic analysis reveals downregulation of genes related to cell architecture, membrane transport, and metabolism, while the genes linked to photosynthesis electron transmission and heavy metal-responsive transcriptional regulators are upregulated to adapt to environmental changes. Further analysis reveals that Ca and Mg primarily impact sulfur metabolism and transport of amino acids and mineral within cells. These findings provide insights into M. aeruginosa cells responses to Ca and Mg exposure.
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