Antibiotic altered liver damage induced by aflatoxin B1 exposure in mice by modulating the gut microbiota.

Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and antibiotic (AN) carry co-exposure risks, with the gut being a target organ for their combined effects. However, the current understanding of the impact of AN on gut and liver injury induced by AFB1 remains limited. In this study, we conducted a 9-week investigation into the implications of AN (ampicillin and penicillin) treatment on AFB1-induced intestinal and liver injury in C57BL/6J male mice fed a normal diet (ND) and a high-fat diet (HFD). The results showed that AN treatment significantly reduce the total number and diversity of intestinal species in both ND and HFD mice exposed to AFB1. Moreover, AN treatment alleviated AFB1-induced liver injury and lipid accumulation in mice on ND and HFD, while improving abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver and serum. However, AN treatment also promoted intestinal damage and reduced the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. Correlation analysis demonstrated that, under the two dietary patterns, microorganisms across various genera were significantly positively or negatively correlated with alterations in liver, serum, and intestinal biochemical indexes. These genera include Akkermansia, Robinsoniella, Parabacteroides, Escherichia-Shigel, and Parabacteroides, Odoribacter. AN may alleviate long-term AFB1-induced liver injury through the regulation of intestinal microorganisms, with the effect being more pronounced in mice following an HFD pattern. These findings provide novel insights into the effects of AFB1 on the gut‒liver axis under complex exposure conditions, as well as the relationship between gut microbial homeostasis and liver injury across different dietary patterns.