Elevated CO and nitrogen addition enhance the symbiosis and functions of rhizosphere microorganisms under cadmium exposure.

Soil microbes are fundamental to ecosystem health and productivity. How soil microbial communities are influenced by elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO) concentration and nitrogen (N) deposition under heavy metal pollution remains uncertain, despite global exposure of terrestrial ecosystems to eCO, high N deposition and heavy metal stress. Here, we conducted a four year's open-top chamber experiment to assess the effects of soil cadmium (Cd) treatment (10 kg hm year) alone and combined treatments of Cd with eCO concentration (700 ppm) and/or N addition (100 kg hm year) on tree growth and rhizosphere microbial community. Relative to Cd treatment alone, eCO concentration in Cd contaminated soil increased the complexity of microbial networks, including the number links, average degree and positive/negative ratios. The combined effect of eCO and N addition in Cd contaminated soil not only increased the complexity of microbial networks, but also enhanced the abundance of microbial urealysis related UreC and nitrifying related amoA1 and amoA2, and the richness of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), thereby improving the symbiotic functions between microorganisms and plants. Results from correlation analysis and structural equation model (SEM) further demonstrated that eCO concentration and N addition acted on functions and networks differently. Elevated CO positively regulated microbial networks and functions through phosphorus (P) and Cd concentration in roots, while N addition affected microbial functions through soil available N and soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and microbial network through soil Cd concentration. Overall, our findings highlight that eCO concentration and N addition make microbial communities towards ecosystem health that may mitigate Cd stress, and provide new insights into the microbiology supporting phytoremediation for Cd contaminated sites in current and future global change scenarios.