Compositional changes at neighborhood and stand scales during recovery of a tropical lowland rainforest after shifting cultivation on Hainan Island, China.

Understanding compositional changes during secondary forest recovery is crucial for effective restoration efforts. While previous research has predominantly focused on shifts in species composition at the stand scale, this study delves into the recovery dynamics in three compositional aspects of location (neighbor distances), size (tree diameters), and species (tree species) at both stand and neighborhood scale. The investigation spans nine chronosequence plots within a tropical lowland rainforest ecosystem after shifting cultivation, including three each for young-secondary forests (18-30 years), old-secondary forests (60 years), and old-growth forests (without obvious human interference). The quantification of location, size, and species composition involved categorized neighbor distances (Near, Moderate, Far-distance), tree diameters (Small, Medium, Large-tree), and tree species (Pioneer, Intermediate, Climax-species) into three groups, respectively. Compositional changes at the stand scale (plot) were directly based on these groups, while at the neighborhood scale, assessment involved combination types of these groups within a neighborhood (comprising three adjacent trees). At the stand scale, neighbor distances shifted from Near to Moderate and Far, tree diameters transitioned from Small to Medium and Large, and tree species of Pioneer gave way to Climax. Meanwhile, at the neighborhood scale, there was a notable decline in the aggregations of Near-distance (N), Small-tree (S), and Pioneer-species (P), while the mixtures of Far and Moderate-distance (F-M), Large and Small-tree (L-S), and Climax and Intermediate-species (C-I) experienced a marked increase. The compositional change exhibited a recovery pattern, with the fastest recovery in neighbor distances, followed by tree diameters and tree species. Moreover, compositional recovery in tree diameters and tree species at the neighborhood scale generally lagged behind that at the stand scale. The study suggests that rapid restoration of secondary forest can be achieved by different targeted cutting according to the recovery stages, aimed at reduce the Pioneer-species, Small-tree and Near-distance in neighborhood. Our findings underscore that analyzing the compositional changes in three aspects at two scales not only provides a profound understanding of secondary forest recovery dynamics, but also offers valuable insights for guiding practices in the restoration of degraded forest ecosystems.