Tailoring visible-light active TiO/cellulose nanocomposites with controlled crystalline structure for enhanced photocatalytic performance.

This work involves a green and simple synthesis of TiO nanoparticles on cellulose under mild conditions without the need for calcination via hydrolysis of titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO). The synthesis conditions, such as sulfuric acid concentration (0-10% wt), temperature (70-90 ℃), and time (4-8 h), focused on precisely controlling the structure of TiO to enhance its photocatalytic effectiveness under visible light. At a lower 2.5 wt% sulfuric acid concentration, pure anatase was formed on the cellulose, while an increase in the range of 5.0-7.5 wt% sulfuric acid concentration yielded a rutile phase, resulting in a mixed phase of anatase and rutile on the cellulose. The pure rutile phase was found at a low temperature (70 ℃), while increased temperature led to the formation of the anatase phase. These results confirmed that the formation of crystalline TiO phase on the cellulose depended on sulfuric acid concentration and temperature for hydrolysis. Additionally, the photocatalytic properties of the obtained materials were evaluated by degradationvisible of Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV and visible light. The findings revealed that the mixed phase (anatase/rutile) of TiO on the cellulose demonstrated a superior photocatalytic efficiency (99.2%) compared to pure anatase (85.75%) and rutile (75.08%) when exposed to visible light.