Functionalisation of lignin with urethane linkages and their strengthening effect on PLA composites.

Lignin was functionalised by crosslinking with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) through the heterogenous reaction in the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide for preferential improvement in the mechanical properties of composites. The successful synthesis of lignin modified with HDI was confirmed by the instrumental analyses, e.g., FTIR, XPS, and FESEM. The incorporation of optimum crosslinked lignin in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix was systematically evaluated on the basis of their thermal stability, mechanical property, glass transition temperature (T), water contact angle, water absorption, and water permeability. The results displayed that incorporation of fillers had prominent effects on tensile tear strength, which could improve tensile strength up to 231 % and elongation at break up to 53 % due to the good interface compatibility between PLA and modified lignin. Further, with the inclusion of fillers, PLA composites exhibited higher crystallinity in comparison to neat PLA.