genes from pKM101 and from chromosome have a different range of regulated genes.

The genes are present in a wide variety of conjugative plasmids and play an important role in overcoming the restriction barrier. To date, there is no information on the chromosomal genes. It is still unclear whether they keep their antirestriction activity and why bacterial chromosomes contain these genes. In the present study, we confirmed the antirestriction function of the gene from the chromosome. Transcriptome analysis in showed that the range of regulated genes varies significantly for from conjugative plasmid pKM101 and from the chromosome. Moreover, if the targets for both genes match, they often show an opposite effect on regulated gene expression. The results obtained indicate two seemingly mutually exclusive conclusions. On the one hand, the pleiotropic effect of genes was shown not only on restriction-modification system, but also on expression of a number of other genes. On the other hand, the range of affected genes varies significally for genes from different sources, which indicates the specificity of to inhibited targets. Author Summary. Conjugative plasmids, bacteriophages, as well as transposons, are capable to transfer various genes, including antibiotic resistance genes, among bacterial cells. However, many of those genes pose a threat to the bacterial cells, therefore bacterial cells have special restriction systems that limit such transfer. Antirestriction genes have previously been described as a part of conjugative plasmids, and bacteriophages and transposons. Those plasmids are able to overcome bacterial cell protection in the presence of antirestriction genes, which inhibit bacterial restriction systems. This work unveils the antirestriction mechanisms, which play an important role in the bacterial life cycle. Here, we clearly show that antirestriction genes, which are able to inhibit cell protection, exist not only in plasmids but also in the bacterial chromosomes themselves. Moreover, antirestrictases have not only an inhibitory function but also participate in the regulation of other bacterial genes. The regulatory function of plasmid antirestriction genes also helps them to overcome the bacterial cell protection against gene transfer, whereas the regulatory function of genomic antirestrictases has no such effect.