Phase-field-based lattice Boltzmann model for simulating thermocapillary flows.

This paper proposes a simple and accurate lattice Boltzmann model for simulating thermocapillary flows, which can deal with the contrast between thermodynamic parameters. In this model, two lattice Boltzmann equations are utilized to solve the conservative Allen-Cahn equation and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, while another lattice Boltzmann equation is used for solving the temperature field, where the collision term is delicately designed such that the influence of the contrast between thermodynamic parameters is incorporated. In contrast to the previous lattice Boltzmann models for thermocapillary flows, the most distinct feature of the current model is that the forcing term used in the present thermal lattice Boltzmann equation is not needed to calculate space derivatives of the heat capacitance or the order parameter, making the scheme much more straightforward and able to retain the main merits of the lattice Boltzmann method. The developed model is first validated by considering the thermocapillary flows in a heated microchannel with two superimposed planar fluids. It is then used to simulate the thermocapillary migration of a two-dimensional deformable droplet, and its accuracy is consistent with the theoretical prediction when the Marangoni number approaches zero. Finally, we numerically study the motion of two recalcitrant bubbles in a two-dimensional channel where the relationship between surface tension and temperature is assumed to be a parabolic function. It is observed that due to the competition between the inertia and thermal effects, the bubbles can move against the liquid's bulk motion and towards areas with low surface tension.