The applications of ECMO in liver transplant recipients.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as a vital instrument for sustaining respiratory and cardiac functions when traditional methods have failed. Its function in managing acute pulmonary and cardiac challenges during liver transplantation (LT) has expanded significantly. While ECMO was initially viewed as a rescue strategy for acute intraoperative or posttransplant complications, its application now also encompasses the pretransplant stage of LT. Our review aims to thoroughly summarize both research and specific cases where ECMO has been utilized across pre- and perioperative phases in liver transplant recipients. By assessing the published literature, we discuss specific indications, the types of ECMO employed, their outcomes, and the unique challenges of applying ECMO during LT. In particular, the pretransplant use of ECMO is increasing, and its prudent introduction prior to LT, supported by meticulous planning, has the potential to optimize patient outcomes. It is challenging to manage liver transplant patients on ECMO. More research and experience are needed to refine the techniques and improve patient outcomes. Furthermore, decision-making must be tailored to each patient's unique circumstances, and a clear, practical, and well-defined plan for subsequent steps is essential.