Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Background: Measles is a contagious viral disease causing infant mortality in developing countries without vaccination programs. In Japan, measles vaccination was launched in 1978, surveillance commenced in 1981, and elimination was achieved in 2015. This was due to improved, legally required surveillance methods and vaccine programs.
Methods: The data sets of sentinel (1982-2007) and notifiable (2008-2021) disease surveillance, as well as the vaccination coverage, detected genotypes, and seroepidemiology during the study period in Osaka Prefecture, were analyzed. Additionally, the trend under the current notifiable surveillance was compared before (2008-2014) and after (2015-2021) measles elimination.
Results: Under sentinel surveillance, 51,107 cases were reported, predominantly infants aged 1-4 years (63.6 %). Under notifiable disease surveillance, the 781 patients were predominantly in their 20s-30s (43.7 %). From 2000, the age of the major susceptible group increased due to the rise in vaccination coverage, which exceeded 95% for the first dose in 1998 and 90% for the second dose in 2009. Consistent with these data, seroprevalence exceeded 95% in 2011. However, the geometric mean of the antibody titer showed a decreasing trend with a falling number of patients. Compared with before and after measles elimination, the number of modified measles cases increased from 10.1% to 48.2%. During the study period, 398 strains comprising eight genotypes were identified, and the dominant type changed over time. After measles elimination, genotypes B3 and D8, derived from imported cases, became predominant.
Conclusions: Improved vaccination coverage and surveillance reduced measles cases and increased herd immunity. However, the lack of a booster effect due to the low incidence of measles caused waning antibody titers despite high seroprevalence, which may contribute to the rising rate of vaccine failures causing modified measles. Careful monitoring of measles incidence and herd immunity are necessary for measles eradication.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.004 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!