Large-scale laboratory investigation of the performance of a novel isolation particle layer for offshore final disposal sites.

The complex seabed conditions and ocean environment pose significant challenges to the material selection and construction of bottom liners for offshore final disposal sites. To overcome the challenges, this study proposed a novel isolation particle layer for offshore final disposal sites. The isolation particle was composed by salt-resistant bentonite coating material and cement core material (D10 was 10 mm in core diameter and 2 mm in coating thickness; D20 was 20 mm and 4 mm). Upon immersion in artificial seawater, the isolation particles underwent expansion, leading to the formation of the novel isolation particle layers with low hydraulic conductivity less than 1 × 10 cm/s and adsorption of heavy metals in bentonite interlayers. Large column tests showed that both D10 and D20 isolation particle layers exhibited remarkable swelling capacity and low hydraulic conductivity (4.3 × 10 cm/s and 2.6 × 10 cm/s) under 3 m seawater pressure. During one year of observation, water tank test demonstrated that both isolation particle layers displayed remarkable stability and low hydraulic conductivity of 2.73 × 10 cm/s and 8.36 × 10 cm/s with load. The maximum adsorption capacities of salt-resistant bentonite were 123.55 mg/g for Pb, 60.29 mg/g for Cd and 54.22 mg/g for Cu. Both isolation particle layers exhibited a high removal rate of over 95 % for heavy metals in water tank tests. The large-scale laboratory tests indicated the significant potential of the novel isolation particle layer for offshore final disposal sites. Subsequently, a testing ocean site will be selected to further investigate its practical engineering performance.