A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 176

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A simple control and high accuracy measurement method of open-cell four-electrode conductivity electrode. | LitMetric

A simple control and high accuracy measurement method of open-cell four-electrode conductivity electrode.

Rev Sci Instrum

Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Test/Measurement Technology and Instrument, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China.

Published: August 2023

AI Article Synopsis

  • The paper introduces a new method for measuring conductivity using a four-electrode probe, focusing on a simple control system based on bi-directional voltage pulses.
  • This method modulates alternating current signals into a single direct current voltage signal, reducing the need for complex software and hardware while improving accuracy by minimizing the influence of excitation voltage amplitude.
  • Test results show that this innovative approach achieves a relative error of less than 2.5% across a wide conductivity range, indicating strong potential for practical applications.

Article Abstract

The paper presents a simple control and high-accuracy measurement method for a four-electrode conductivity probe based on the principle of the bi-directional voltage pulse. The two-way differential AC (alternating current) pulse voltage signal for the reference resistance and solution resistance is modulated into the single DC stationary voltage response signal to drop the demand for software and hardware and effectively eliminate the influence of excitation voltage pulse amplitude on measurement accuracy, and then the synchronous rectification DC measurement is proposed without any control timing. Meanwhile, the mathematical expression between the single output DC voltage signal and the solution conductivity is given. The test results in the laboratory and in the field indicate that the relative error of the conductivity measurement is within 2.5% in a conductance range of 10 uS/cm to 200 mS/cm, and the proposed measurement method has a good application prospect in application.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0160660DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

measurement method
12
simple control
8
four-electrode conductivity
8
voltage pulse
8
voltage signal
8
measurement
6
voltage
5
control high
4
high accuracy
4
accuracy measurement
4

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!