Economics of widowhood mortality in adult women in India.

The economic consequence of widowhood on health is well-established, demonstrating that economic factors can significantly link with health outcomes, even the risk of mortality for widows. However, empirical evidence is restricted only to developed countries. Thus, this study assesses the role of economic factors (paid work, pension and household economic status) on the mortality of widows in broad age groups in India. We used two waves of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS), a nationally representative prospective dataset in India for 42,009 women (married and widows) aged 25 years and above at IHDS wave 1 whose survival status was observed between two waves. Further, 6,953 widows were considered for sub-sample analysis in this study. Logistic regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were applied to understand the association and causality between economic factors and mortality for widows. Poor household economic status, paid regular work, and receiving a widowed pension were significantly associated with lower mortality risk for young widows. In comparison, unpaid and paid regular work was linked with lower mortality risk for old widows. The result of causal analysis suggests that receiving a widows' pension had a slight impact on mortality reduction for young widows while engaging in paid regular work significantly reduced the mortality of old widows. This research confirms that the link between economic factors and mortality among widows is age dependent in the Indian context.