Measuring generic health using the minimum european health module: does it work and is it better than self-rated health?

Background: Health is a fundamental aspect of many scientific disciplines and its definition and measurement is the analytical core of many empirical studies. Comprehensive measures of health, however, are typically precluded in survey research due to financial and temporal restrictions. Self-rated health (SRH) as a single indicator of health, on the other hand, exhibits a lack of measurement invariance by age and is biased due to non-health influences. In the three-item Minimum European Health Module (MEHM), SRH is complemented with questions on chronic health conditions and activity limitations, thus providing a compromise between single indicators and comprehensive measures.

Methods: Using data from the German Ageing Survey (2008 & 2014; n = 12,037), I investigated the feasibility to combine the MEHM into a generic health indicator and judged its utility in comparison to SRH as a benchmark. Additionally, I explored the option of an extended version of the MEHM by adding information on multimorbidity and the presence and intensity of chronic pain.

Results: The analyses showed that both versions of the MEHM had a good internal consistency and each represented a single latent variable that can be computed using generalized structural equation modeling. The utility of this approach showed great promise as it significantly reduced age-specific reporting behavior and some non-health biases present in SRH.

Conclusions: Using the MEHM to measure generic (physical) health is a promising approach with a wide array of applications. Further research could extend these analyses to additional age groups, other countries, and establish standardized weights for greater comparability.