In silico evolution of autoinhibitory domains for a PD-L1 antagonist using deep learning models.

There has been considerable progress in the development of computational methods for designing protein-protein interactions, but engineering high-affinity binders without extensive screening and maturation remains challenging. Here, we test a protein design pipeline that uses iterative rounds of deep learning (DL)-based structure prediction (AlphaFold2) and sequence optimization (ProteinMPNN) to design autoinhibitory domains (AiDs) for a PD-L1 antagonist. With the goal of creating an anticancer agent that is inactive until reaching the tumor environment, we sought to create autoinhibited (or masked) forms of the PD-L1 antagonist that can be unmasked by tumor-enriched proteases. Twenty-three de novo designed AiDs, varying in length and topology, were fused to the antagonist with a protease-sensitive linker, and binding to PD-L1 was measured with and without protease treatment. Nine of the fusion proteins demonstrated conditional binding to PD-L1, and the top-performing AiDs were selected for further characterization as single-domain proteins. Without any experimental affinity maturation, four of the AiDs bind to the PD-L1 antagonist with equilibrium dissociation constants (Ks) below 150 nM, with the lowest K equal to 0.9 nM. Our study demonstrates that DL-based protein modeling can be used to rapidly generate high-affinity protein binders.