Biodiversity survey and estimation for line-transect sampling.

Conducting biodiversity surveys using a fully randomised design can be difficult due to budgetary constraints (, the cost of labour), site accessibility, and other constraints. To this end, ecologists usually select representative line transects or quadrats from a studied area to collect individuals of a given species and use this information to estimate the levels of biodiversity over an entire region. However, commonly used biodiversity estimators such as Rao's quadratic diversity index (and especially the Gini-Simpson index) were developed based on the assumption of independent sampling of individuals. Therefore, their performance can be compromised or even misleading when applied to species abundance datasets that are collected from non-independent sampling. In this study, we utilise a Markov chain model and derive an associated parameter estimator to account for non-independence in sequential sampling. Empirical tests on two forest plots in tropical (Barro Colorado, Island of Panama) and subtropical (Heishiding Nature Reserve of Guangdong, China) regions and the continental-scale spatial distribution of species in Australia showed that our estimators performed reasonably well. The estimated parameter measuring the degree of non-independence of subsequent sampling showed that a non-independent effect is very likely to occur when using line transects to sample organisms in subtropical regions at both local and regional spatial scales. In summary, based on a first-order Markov sampling model and using Rao's quadratic diversity index as an example, our study provides an improvement in diversity estimation while simultaneously accounting for the non-independence of sampling in field biodiversity surveys. Our study presents one possible solution for addressing the non-independent sampling of individuals in biodiversity surveys.