Measurement of the Adhesion Force of a Living Sessile Organism on Antifouling Coating Surfaces Prepared with Polysulfobetaine-Grafted Particles.

An antifouling polymer brush-like structure was fabricated by a simple and versatile dip-coating method of sulfobetaine containing copolymer-grafted silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and alkyl diiodide cross-linkers. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical copolymerization of 3-(-2-methacryloyloxyethyl--dimethyl)ammonatopropanesulfonate (MAPS) and -dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was carried out from initiator-immobilized SiNPs to give poly(MAPS--DMAEMA)-grafted SiNPs (MAPS/DMAEMA = 9/1, mol/mol) with diameters of 150-170 nm. The SiNP--copolymer/2,2,2-trifluoroethanol solution was dip-coated on silicon and glass substrates. Successive treatment with 1,4-diiodobutane in methanol gave a hydrophilic cross-linked coating film for the SiNP--copolymer. The cross-linked particle brushes did not peel off from the substrate even after washing with water in an ultrasonic cleaner despite the simple physical absorption of the SiNP--copolymer on the substrate surface. The adhesion force of the tentacle of a living barnacle cyprid on a glass surface covered with the cross-linked SiNP--copolymer was directly measured by scanning probe microscopy in seawater. The coating film exhibited extremely low adhesion to the cypris larva in the seawater, expecting this to be an effective antifouling property.