Adverse drug reactions represent a major health burden because they cause notable patient morbidity and mortality. From this viewpoint, several strategies have been developed to prevent or reduce adverse drug reactions. One such strategy is the use of pharmacogenomics. Interindividual variability in drug response and adverse effects is mainly attributable to genetic variation in enzymes such as sulfotransferases and cytochrome P450s. The current narrative review discusses the relationship between the structure and activity of drugs. Specifically, the activity of drugs can be increased and/or their adverse effects can be reduced by altering specific positions in their structures.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605231214065 | DOI Listing |
Proc Biol Sci
January 2025
Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
Cortisol is released upon activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, varies across the day, possesses an underlying diurnal rhythm and is responsive to stressors. The endogenous circadian peak of cortisol occurs in the morning, and increases in cortisol observed post-awakening have been named the cortisol awakening response (CAR) based on the belief that the act of waking up stimulates cortisol secretion. However, objective evidence that awakening induces cortisol secretion is limited.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS Comput Biol
January 2025
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, United States of America.
Chronic pain is a wide-spread condition that is debilitating and expensive to manage, costing the United States alone around $600 billion in 2010. In a common symptom of chronic pain called allodynia, non-painful stimuli produce painful responses with highly variable presentations across individuals. While the specific mechanisms remain unclear, allodynia is hypothesized to be caused by the dysregulation of excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance in pain-processing neural circuitry in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Pharmacokinet
January 2025
College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, 309, Suyeong-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea.
Background And Objective: Telmisartan exhibits significant pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, but it remains unclear whether its PK profile is altered in hypertensive patients. This study aimed to characterize telmisartan PKs by conducting a meta-analysis and developing a pooled population PK model based on data from healthy subjects and hypertensive patients.
Methods: Relevant literature was identified by a systematic approach.
Obes Sci Pract
February 2025
Division of General Internal Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA.
Introduction: Given the significant interindividual variable responses to interventions for obesity, the early identification of factors associated with a differential in weight loss would benefit real-world approaches in clinical practice.
Objective: This study evaluated the factors associated with individual variability in response to enrolling in a weight management program integrated into an academic-based primary care practice.
Methods: Data were retrospectively collected and analyzed for patients referred to a primary care-based weight management practice between 2012 and 2020.
J Sleep Res
January 2025
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute: Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Sleepiness-related errors are a leading cause of driving accidents, requiring drivers to effectively monitor sleepiness levels. However, there are inter-individual differences in driving performance after sleep loss, with some showing poor driving performance while others show minimal impairment. This research explored if there are differences in self-reported sleepiness and driving performance in healthy drivers who exhibited vulnerability or resistance to objective driving impairment following extended wakefulness.
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