Solar-driven persulfate degradation of caffeine and cephradine in synthetic human urine.

J Hazard Mater

Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address:

Published: March 2024

AI Article Synopsis

  • This study is the first to use a solar-driven persulfate process to break down cephradine and caffeine in synthetic urine, achieving better degradation than other methods.
  • Factors like pH and the presence of substances like chloride and ammonia affect the degradation efficiency, while bicarbonate can enhance the breakdown of cephradine, and no toxicity was observed after treatment.

Article Abstract

Urine source separation, as an innovative concept for the reuse of microlevel nutrients in human urine, has drawn increasing attention recently. Consequently, removing coexisting pharmaceuticals in urine is necessary for further reuse. This study is the first to apply the solar-driven persulfate process (Solar/PS) to the investigation of cephradine (CFD) and caffeine (CAF) degradation in synthetic human urine. The results showed that significantly more degradation of CFD and CAF occurs with the Solar/PS process than with persulfate oxidation and direct sunlight photolysis, respectively. The generated reactive species ·OH, SO·, O· and O were identified in the Solar/PS process. While SO· played a dominant role at pH 6, it played a minor role at pH 9 due to the lower amount generated under alkaline conditions. The presence of chloride and ammonia negatively impacted the photodegradation of both compounds. In contrast, bicarbonate exhibited no effect on CAF but enhanced CFD degradation owing to its amino-acid-like structure, which has a higher reactivity toward CO·. Although total organic carbon (TOC) was partially mineralized after 6 h of operation, no Microtox® toxicity was observed.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133031DOI Listing

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