spp. in Canine Otitis Externa.

Canine otitis externa (OE) is a commonly diagnosed condition seen in veterinary practice worldwide. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of the disease, with a particular focus on the biological characteristics of and the impact that antibiotic resistance has on successful recovery from OE. We also consider potential alternatives to antimicrobial chemotherapy for the treatment of recalcitrant infections. is not a typical constituent of the canine ear microbiota, but is frequently isolated from cases of chronic OE, and the nature of this pathogen often makes treatment difficult. Biofilm formation is identified in 40-95% of from cases of OE and intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance, especially resistance to clinically important antibiotics, highlights the need for alternative treatments. The role of other virulence factors in OE remains relatively unexplored and further work is needed. The studies described in this work highlight several potential alternative treatments, including the use of bacteriophages. This review provides a summary of the aetiology of OE with particular reference to the dysbiosis that leads to colonisation by and highlights the need for novel treatments for the future management of otitis.